Monday, December 15, 2014

Figurative Language

Figurative Language

Answer the following questions. This blog is the equivalent of a classroom discussion, so you will need to respond to your peers' posts in order to learn from multiple perspectives and in order to represent a discussion. Please refer to the blog rubric on Blackboard in order to achieve the grade you desire. 

1. Provide an example of allegory from one of our selections. Why is allegory necessary?

2. Provide an example of allusion from one of our selections. Why is allusion necessary?

3. Provide an example of irony from one of our selections. Why is irony necessary?

4. Provide an example of simile from one of our selections. Why is simile necessary?

5. Provide an example of metaphor from one of our selections. Why is metaphor necessary?

6. Provide an example of symbol from one of our selections. Why is symbol necessary?


Happy Posting!



Professor Stanley

22 comments:

  1. 1. Provide an example of allegory from one of our selections. Why is allegory necessary?
    An allegory is a metaphor used to help the reader understand situations that they may have difficulty with otherwise. One example can be found in “Araby” when the narrator states, “Her image accompanied me even in the laces the most hostile to romance.” It can foreshadow events in the future.
    2. Provide an example of allusion from one of our selections. Why is allusion necessary?
    The bell flying in from Rome to bring chocolate to France. It can bring an understanding or another viewpoint to the reader’s attention.
    3. Provide an example of irony from one of our selections. Why is irony necessary?
    When the main character in “Araby” gets to the bazaar only to realize the shops are closed and he cannot afford what little is left. Irony can reinforce a stories theme, or in some cases bring levity to a situation.
    4. Provide an example of simile from one of our selections. Why is simile necessary?
    “…her figure defined by the light from the half-opened door.” Helps to enhances the readers view of the person, place, time, event.
    5. Provide an example of metaphor from one of our selections. Why is metaphor necessary?
    See #1.
    6. Provide an example of symbol from one of our selections. Why is symbol necessary?
    The rattling of the few shillings in his pocket in “Araby.” Helps to enhance the readers understanding of a situation.
    J.N.Karshner

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  2. Tommy Wheeler

    Allegory is often used to add depth or a more profound meaning to a situation or character; as in J.N.’s excerpt. The boy in “Araby” continues to see “her” image all throughout the story, which exposes and deepens his feelings for her; in this case the allegory could be the boy’s infatuation for her (or stalker tendencies).

    Along with what J.N. said, in the same story the narrator uses an allusion to Santa with his sarcastic commentary of a “magic dustpan…led by eight flying cylinder blocks”. Although allusion is insightful, more relatable, and in some cases very helpful, it is not necessary to tell a story (I think it would be better with it though).

    In the story, “A&P”, Sammy experiences hard, cold irony when he quits his job to impress the girls, only to leave without the girls. “I look around for my girls, but they're gone, of course.” As J.N. said, irony reinforces the theme of a story. It also adds more entertainment or in some cases more seriousness or gravity. However, irony is not “necessary” in a story.

    An example of a simile is in “A&P”, where Sammy asks himself if “girls had a mind…or was it like a bee in a glass jar”. Simile’s are a creative way to keep the attention of the audience and to create vivid imagery.

    In “A&P”, Sammy gives an example of a metaphor when he talks about the old lady; “once I got her feathers smoothed”. The lady didn’t actually have feathers, but it was a way to compare her to a bird with ruffled feathers. Metaphors can be a more artistic way of saying something simple or complicated.

    I agree with J.N. that the shillings were the a symbol in “Araby”, they represented an empowering opportunity, missed. As has been the case with almost all of these figures of language, a symbol is not entirely necessary for a story, but is salt necessary for your food? No, but your food will lack flavor, just like your stories without figures of speech.

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    1. I didn't quite see the allegory you described in Araby before, but now I believe I understand what you mean. He wasn't actually running into her or finding her everywhere, he was following her. Is that what you meant?

      Other than that, I thought all of your responses were definitely on point. I even noticed that we used the same simile. (I swear I didn't copy you)

      - Elephantsicko

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  3. 1. Allegory is necessary because is the extended metaphor and it can also interpreted hidden meanings. An example of a allegory in the story "A&P" is that Sammy quits his job, he does not agree on how the manager runs things or his argument
    2. An example would be in the story "girl" the lady calls the young girl "slut" it is a false idea of a slut in this generation. She tries to make an impression as if she was a horrible person it is necessary Because it can give a deeper meaning
    3. An example of irony in the story "Araby" is after the boys effort to buy the girl something was a fail because he was not able to buy her anything .. Irony is necessary because it brings out interesting Details
    4.a example of simile in the story "Araby" " but my body was like a harp and her words and gestures were like fingers running upon wires"
    It is important in the story because it provides comparison between to things that are very similar
    5. A example of metaphor in the story "A&P" "March blue sky" .. Metaphor is necessary because sometimes it is the authors way to illustrate a point
    6. Symbol is necessary to use so it is possible to communicate with others and example of symbol in the story " Araby" one of them would be the Young boy's neighbood as a sad depressing street
    Sarai Garcia

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    1. I agree with the symbolism used in "Araby".

      -Salam Zaidan

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  4. 1) An example of an allegory is the misinterpretations of the meaning of Easter in Jesus Shaves. The true meaning of Easter is lost to the Muslim student because of the language barrier, but it can be compared to how religious holidays are misinterpreted by people of different backgrounds and are difficult to explain from an outside point of view. Allegories are important in literature because they allow readers to interpret the similarities between the story and the associated topic and view the associated topic in a different sense.
    2) Jesus Shaves is also a good example of the use of allusion. There are allusions all over that text. It alludes to Easter and Catholic beliefs throughout the story. Stories don't necessarily need allusions, but it is nice to add some to make the story seem realistic and help the reader relate better to it.
    3) Happy Endings is a good example of an ironic story. The narrator explains how all of the stories end with tragedy (death) regardless of what is presented along the way. It is even titled "Happy Endings" to add to the irony. Irony is important to get a reader to understand that though things are meant to be one way, they can very easily be twisted into mean another.
    4) A great example of a simile in A&P is, "Do you really think it's a mind in there or just a little buzz like a bee in a glass jar?"
    Sammy doesn't actually believe this, but he is comparing the two to explain his thoughts on her and describe how he sees her. Similes are necessary to do just that; the same goes for metaphors
    5) An example of a metaphor would be the sentence, "The Wellington Monument wore a gleaming cap of snow that flashed westward over the white field of Fifteen Acres" in The Dead (Joyce 622). The Wellington Monument is not actually wearing a cap of snow, but the sentence helps describe the setting by comparing the layer of snow as a cap of snow that the monument wore.
    6) In Araby, the girl's silver bracelet stood as a symbol. It possibly held a vow of some sort. Symbols are necessary in stories because they catch the reader's attention. They make the reader ask, 'What's that? Why is she playing with her bracelet so much? Does it have some underlying meaning?"

    - Elephantsicko

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  5. Roman Leal
    I disagree with J.N. Karshner. An Allegory is deeper than just a metaphor. An example is in Jesus Shaves. The allegories here are the “cross and the resurrection”, “to give of yourself your only begotten son”, and a rabbit and the bell that stand for Easter, each one of these nouns and phrase have a deeper meaning to what they literally are. Allegories are necessary to get the true meaning of what is really going and to understand what is really happening.
    I can’t say I agree with Sarai on her example of an allusion. An allusion could be an “indirect reference to a person…” and calling a person a slut is pretty direct, I think. An example of an allusion is when the boy in Araby sees himself as a “creature driven and derided by vanity.” A “creature” could be an animal or something that is not human. Allusions are important because they are brief and general so that readers can see and feel the importance behind the characters’ thoughts and feelings.
    I agree with Wheeler in his example of Irony. To add to his example, Sammy quit because he wanted to feel good about himself by impressing the girls; however, in the end, all he felt was how hard it was going to be for him thereafter. Irony is important because it stimulates your thoughts and ideas on outcomes, and what really matters about the things that we do or don’t do.
    A smile is when you’re feeling happy, or sarcastic, and the lateral portions of your lips extend and stretch as if, in vein, trying to peck at your ears. J/K! The word is Simile. An example of a simile is when the boy in Jesus Shaves says, “… her bronze arms folded across her chest like some great grammar genie.” One of many reasons why a simile is important is because it will help the reader paint a mental, more vivid picture of the characters, plots, and settings.
    An example of a metaphor, again adding to what Wheeler wrote, is in A & P when Sammy describes the old lady at the cashier, “She’s one of these cash-register-watchers, a witch…” Matephors are important because it too, like a simile, helps the reader visualize the characters, plots, or settings.
    An example of a symbol is like the bell in Jesus Shaves, it represents Easter in France. Symbols are important because they help to add value to the simplest of things, symbols have more to say than just their literal meaning.

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  6. Allegory can be seen as symbolism but it is a special kind of symbolism, allegory is a one to one correspondence, while symbolism has many correspondence. A good example of allegory in our reading would be Jamaica Kincaid’s “Girl”, we can validate the passage as literal, and take it as literal. We could also see it in a more complex deeper level and understand there’s a story behind a story. This helps make the story more of a 3 dimensional more complex story rather that a two dimension simplistic story. Allusion is an aspect in writing that correlates a known phrase, word, person, or thing and to help allude a certain aspect in that persons writing to an already known phrase, for example when a writer uses the word “Pinocchio” we could think of a bad liar, an example of illusion from our readings Jesus shaves by David Sedaris, in this short story we see that the Easter bunny refers to “Easter” the holiday rather than being a bunny. Allusion is necessary because connects the reader to what you are writing and therefore help the reader feel like he is a part of the story, it’s kind of like an inside joke, without being funny, it’s an insider. Irony in a way is connected to sarcasasim, irony is an expression in language that means the opposite. Most commonly used for comical purposes. A good example of irony would be the tittle Jesus shaves taken literal. when we thinks of Jesus we have a visual of a wise man with a beard, now when we shave his beard we have Jesus but a more humoristic sense of him, this is ironic, Jesus without a beard. A simile is comparison of two thin gs.Ex.as fast a fox. A good examples in our reading would be in the story of A&P when the narrator compares the girls mind to a glass jar. Because it helps the reader better understand what the narrator is trying to say. Metaphor,One example can be found in “Araby” when the narrator states, “Her image accompanied me even in the laces the most hostile to romance.”. The rattling of the few shillings in his pocket in “Araby.” Helps to enhance the readers understanding of a situation.
    -Benjamin Rosales

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    1. Your irony statement is spot on.
      -Austin Duenes

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  7. 1) allegory often takes a form of a story in which characters represent moral qualities.
    Joyce plays on our attention to allegorical and symbolic details from one significant scene to another. For example " She dont tell".
    2)
    The allusion are there to provide evidenece and to support the points he or she makes. For Example The Moroccan woman in the story in the french class is anogant.
    3) Araby is about Romantic irony, and the irony is important to enagage readers
    4) Thoughts are very important, for exapample Sammy exhibits provens both by observing others and girls and other example chucky girl girl in a bright green bathing suit.
    5) Metaphors are great to help users to understand, abstract or unfamiliar content and linking information and easier people to understand the information. Metaphors distingusih the genre.
    6) Symbols are what make the story feel so real to the reader. For example character, an action, an obeject, or an animal or wether Gregor's transformation is symbolic of his sense of alienation. Or is he a bug or is he simply feeling alienated from all those around him in that he is not appreciated.

    Jessica Gallardo

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    1. Jessica, I agree with what you said about how metaphors help the reader understand a text. However, I also think that in certain instances it might also confuse the reader if they don't know what the author is referring to.
      -Viridiana S.

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    2. Jessica i agree with on number 6 the reader can be able to go more into depth by using symbolism.
      -Cristian Rayas

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  8. Viridiana Salinas

    Allegory: One of the allegories that stood out the most to me was from the story of “Girl”. The allegory here is of the crude norms for women to follow in order to be acceptable in society. These orders sound more like misconceptions that have been handed on by tradition and not because they’re exactly rational. For example “ don’t eat fruits on the street-flies will follow you”. This doesn’t exactly make sense to us nowadays and they might sound absurd and extreme. Anyhow, an allegory might be important to implement in some stories because they act as an extended metaphor that unifies the story.

    Allusion: I agree with Elephantsicko, the story “Jesus Shaves” has good examples of allusions stemming from a religious standpoint. We see this when the student talks about Easter and its relations to the death of Jesus on some morsels of lumber. In a general sense, we know what the student is referring to and he is clearly alluding to the crucifixion of Jesus Christ. He doesn’t need to tell the whole story. When the student talks about this, the reader makes a quick connection to what the student thinks the meaning of Easter is with those bits of information. Using allusions can be helpful to make quick connections with the reader that might not necessarily give away too much information. Instead, the author lets the reader fill in the gaps, which might help the story become more engaging.

    Irony: We see irony in the story of Araby because the story is about a young boy who’s infatuated with a girl who is clearly unavailable. The girl is in a convent where she is most likely being prepared to lead a life surrendered to God without ever having the chances of finding a life partner or having a family. I don’t necessarily think irony is something that must be included in every story. However, in certain cases its purpose is either to make a point or make the story more interesting.

    Simile:
    “But my body was like a harp and her words were like fingers running upon the wires” -A&P
    This simile from Araby is quite interesting because it gives us another idea about the boy’s perception of the girl he was infatuated with. He compared his body to that of a musical instrument. In the second part he mentions that “her words were like fingers upon the wires”, the boy is trying to imply that this girl has some control over him that he’s almost in frenzy. He can’t stop thinking about her and he’s so obsessed that he would do anything for her. Similes are important to use in stories because although they aren’t meant to be read literally, they allow for the author to add more emotion to the text.
    ........

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  9. Viridiana S. Continued....
    Metaphor:
    “She’s one of those cash register watchers, a witch about fifty with rouge cheekbones and no eyebrows…”. -A&P
    This metaphor describes an older woman who had nagged Sammy at the cash register for a minor mistake. This metaphor is useful in helping the reader create some imagery of how the woman might have looked like, in this case, she is said to look like a witch. This could mean a lot of things; generally they might be referring to this woman as old, wrinkly, evil, etc. Typically, the use of a metaphor is important for the reader to make a connection with something they are familiar with. That way they can make a connection that will help them grasp a better idea of what is being described in the text.

    Symbol: We saw the use of a symbol in the story “Jesus Shaves” when the character talks about Easter in terms of things. Some of the more explicit examples are when the boy describes Easter to be the day we commemorate Jesus who died on two morsels of lumber. What he was really trying to refer to was of Jesus’ crucifixion on the cross. The description of morsels of lumber was a symbol for the true meaning, which was the cross. Another example is the symbol of a bunny and how it is a symbol of Easter itself. We are all used to seeing a bunny marketed as part of the Easter holiday every year. Symbols are important to include in stories because they allow us to make a quick connection with the story, ideas, things, etc. They also have a faster recall. In this case bunny= Easter

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  10. 1. An example of allegory is found in the story “Jesus Shaves”. The kids in the class room talk about religion and discuss what Easter is. The hidden meaning in this story is the idea that faith depends on belief. The belief may sound a bit questionable, but that is why faith is important. Allegory is necessary because it can reveal hidden meaning in a picture, story, or poem.
    2. An example of allusion is found in the story “Jesus Shaves” because the author uses the Easter bunny as an explanation to Easter wish is considered an indirect reference. The Easter bunny is not all what Easter is about. Allusion is necessary because it can be a reference of something without actually saying what it is.
    3. An example of irony is established in the story “A&P”. Sammy quit his job in order to gain the girls attention. However, he did not get the girls attention, which only lost him his job. Irony is necessary because it can be used as sarcasm and it can be very humorous at times.
    4. An example of simile is found in the story “The Dead”. You see this when the author states, “A light fringe of snow lay like a cape on the shoulders of his overcoat.” The snow is being compared to an overcoat. A simile is necessary because you can compare two completely different things to each other.
    5. An example of metaphor is found in the story “Araby” The author stated, “The other houses of the street, and conscious of decent lives within them, gazed at one another with brown imperturbable faces.” The houses are not actually gazing at each other, it is just a way of saying that he houses are facing each other, or close together. A metaphor is necessary because you can compare two different things together but you don’t have to use “like” or “as”.
    6. An example of symbolism is found in the story “The Dead”. The music that was playing in the background during the party symbolized the difference in the music before and after. Gabriel felt anxious during the part because of this. A symbol is necessary because it represents ideas or qualities of something.

    -Salam Zaidan

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  11. 1. Allegory is an extended on series of symbols that encompass their purpose to let us enjoy an invited world where everything is meaningful.
    Ex. I believe that this story is an allegory for life. It could just be about a guy working in a grocery store. However, I think that Sammy represents you, and the girls represent what you believe in, and you have to decide whether or not to fight for your beliefs even if there may be consequences.

    2. The allusions usually show comparison within the two works, or can contrast themes, values, and characters/etc. of the works
    Ex. In "A&P" Updike was not naming names, the candidate criticized the national leaders by allusion

    3. Irony is intended to provoke the reader into thinking harder and analyzing a situation. By comparing and contrasting reality with suppositions about reality, the reader is able to arrive at a better understanding of the author’s intent.
    Ex. In "A&P" the irony moment of this story is when Sammy quits his job. He is trying to stand up for the girls, being their hero. But the irony is, they do not hear him. Because they left the store and were out of sight before he resigned his job.

    4. A simile is necessary because it lets the author convey a unique, interesting, or even proprietary to his/her audience by means of comparing it to something their familiar with.
    An example of simile in "A&P" "if she'd been born at the right time they would have burned her over Salem." Sammy uses the Salem as a simile to describe the annoying lady at the cash register.

    5. A metaphor is needed because, it may be easier to understand if viewed as a figure of speech. It's basically using symbols in place of reality
    Ex. In "A&P" the narrator uses the phrase " two beautiful scoops of vanilla" as a metaphor to queenies breasts.

    6. A symbol is necessary because it's used to provide meaning to the writing beyond what is actually being described.
    Ex. In "A&P" Sammy refers to the two shoppers and the girls with Queenie as "sheep" but really he is referring them as followers, unthinkingly doing what everybody else does.

    -Karla Menchaca

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  12. Austin Duenes

    1. An allegory is necessary because it can use names to help with labels like in "Jesus Shaves" An Easter bunny in some parts of the world or an Easter bell in other parts. This just helps the reader translate what holiday is going on.
    2. Allusion is found throught "Jesus Shaves" like most of y'all are saying. Just using the word Jesus is an allusion because it's a famous name and a biblical reference.
    3. On the thoughts of irony I like Benjamin's opinion on the title "Jesuse Shaves" It's completely a sarcastic title along with the entire story. Which makes for an ironic story and is necessary to get that comical point of view across to the reader.
    4. A simile is necessary because it can help describe something and give more life to the authors writtting. In "Jesus Shaves" the author writes, "My classmates reacted as though I'd attributed the delivery to the Antichrist." just by using "as" makes this a simile.
    5. A metaphor also helps decribe something, but you tend to use a different word or phrase to convey what you mean. Like in "A&P" the author writes, "The whole store was like a pinball machine and I didn't know which tunnel they'd come out of." The store isn't actually a pinball machine, but you get what he's saying as far as the uncertainty of where the girls come out of just like a pinball machine. (Not sure if anyone used the same metaphor. I didn't read them all.)
    6. Symbols are useful because you can state what the symbol is in your writing without actually having to break it down literally. I think that Lengel in "A&P" is a symbol for evil, but I could be wrong. I'm just not trying to use the bunny or bell thing like you all.

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  13. 1. One example of an allegory is from “A&P”. Sammy is at the center of the story, we follow along with his inner monologue, and see the story through his eyes. The girls could have stood for his freedom from the constraints of the job. It helps us see what he’s thinking.
    2. “Jesus Shaves” offers many allusions, such as the bell that comes to visit on Easter. Allusions add to the reader’s interest.
    3. In “A&P” Sammy, makes cruel remarks about almost all of the people in the store except Queenie. However, the author shows that he is immature by quitting his job on a whim, that didn’t work out.
    4. “Jesus Shaves” “Rabbits move from place to place, while bells only go back and forth”. He compares the absurdity of a bell being the mascot for Easter. It gives a deeper meaning.
    5. In “A&P” Sammy calls the woman a witch. It creates a close association between to subjects, the woman and the image of a witch.
    6. “The cold air stung us and we played till our bodies glowed.” From “Araby” This symbol shows just how cold the character was, and that is was dark, and the street lights had come on.

    Marc Moody

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  14. 1.An example of an allegory is in the story Araby when it quotes "Wild Garden...central apple tree" is related to the bible mostly focusing on the garden of Eden, a young man's fall from Grace. Allegory is important in literature because it deciphers and comes up with different meanings. Without the rhetorical device allegory there wouldn't be any deep meaning to anything.
    2. In the story A&P the narrator Sammy uses allusion using the quote "If she'd been born at the right time they would have burned her over in Salem". The narrator uses an indirect inference to the Salem Witch Trials in the early 1690's. People from the town were accusing innocent people of doing the works of witchcraft. People came to their deaths by being hanged.
    3.Irony is being illustrated in the story "Girl" because the mother is telling the daughter from her own perspective on how to live her own life. The mother might have done some mistakes like that and now she wants her daughter to avoid those type of problems. I assume its the mother to daughter conversation because of the word slut being used multiple times almost to use it as in insult. Irony is important important because it can makes readers stop and think about what had just been said in the text. It would make the story more interesting and give it a twist.
    4. In Araby "I looked humbly at the great jars that stood like eastern guards" The narrator compares the jars to eastern guards in order to compare the characteristics of the two. The jars are stood up very still and very elegant just like a guard standing straight forward without having flinch, while he's guarding a prized possession. Similes are important because they make a vivid and profound picture.
    5. In the story Araby the narrator says "My eyes burned with anguish and anger" The narrator is angered and holds hatred because he ran out of time. It also meant that he was very upset and had no choice but to cry. A metaphor is important in literature because it helps the reader understand whats being compared to a deeper meaning. Metaphors are there to condense complex concepts into easier understanding.
    6. In the story A&P illustrates symbolism by using the term sheep. The narrator refers to the shoppers and the girls with Quennie as followers. That's what sheep do, they follow each other in a herd. Sammy describes the people as a heard that just follow the other people not knowing what they're doing. Symbolism is important because it has just more meaning that just looking at the object itself. For instance, a sword has multiple meanings, it can mean power, Christianity and anger. Symbolism helps the story, author and reader by giving it more depth.

    -Cristian Rayas

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  15. 1. In Jesus Shaves, the allegory is Easter. The narrator spends the whole story talking about easter, and the whole story is based on easter.
    2. In Jesus Shaves, there are many allusions to Easter and the Christian religion. This is important because the whole story is based on Easter and Christianity, and the story wouldn't be the same without mention of Easter or Christianity.
    3. An example of irony would be in A&P when Sammie quits his job for the specific purpose of getting their attention, and he didn't do that, because they had already left. This is important because it was a turning point in the story, and his failure to get the girls' attention left him without a job or a girl.
    4. I agree with AD's description and example of simile. It was pretty spot on, and we know it's a simile because of the use of "as".
    5. In A&P, Sammie compares Queenie to a Prima Donna, without using the words like or as. This was very important, because it helped us as the audience imagine what she looked like.
    6. In Araby, the bazaar was a symbol for his chances of getting the girl. When the bazaar closed, so did his chances of getting the girl. This is important, because when the bazaar closed, he ended up not getting a gift, which means he didn't get the girl.
    -Haakam Sherwani

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  16. 1. Jesus shaves, is an allegory of religious symbolism. because it details religious symbols throughout. "the cross, the bell, the Easter bunny", etc. (by the by, that's the how and why of it.) it is necessary in this story, because without it, there is no story, no conclusion, no ah hah moment.
    2.
    3. In A&P, there is irony in the moment when he quits his job, basically for the girl, and then walks out, and she is gone. Necessary because irony can illustrate contrast.
    4.
    5.
    6. Again, Jesus shaves. The cross is a symbol. the Easter bunny is a symbol. the bell is a symbol. they are necessary in this story because without them, there is no story, no conclusion about faith, nothing. Nada. dead space. no story.
    Doug T.

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  17. 1.For example in the article “girl” it is believed that a girl must act a certain way in order to be seen as a woman. An allegory is necessary to give us an understanding of the purpose of someone else’s plan.

    2. An allusion is necessary to give the reader an example or an idea of what the narrator is referring to. For example in the story “A&P” he says, “I ring it up again and the customer starts giving me hell.”

    3. In the story “Jesus Shaves” he says “Despite her having grown up in a Muslim country it seemed she might have heard it mentioned once or twice, but no. “I mean it,” she said. “I have no idea what you people are talking about.” It is not necessary, but it shows how expectations can lead to disappointments.

    4. In the story “Jesus Shaves” he says, “A question would be asked and she’d give the answer, behaving as though this were a game show.” A simile is necessary is not necessary but it is a good way to convey the message to the narrator in a way that is not direct.

    5.In “A& P” Sammy says about Legel ”He had been thinking all these years the A&P was a great big dune and he was head life guard.” A metaphor is not necessary but it is a way of helping the reader understand unfamiliar content.



    6. In happy endings the Narrator says "The only authentic ending is the one provided here: John and Mary die. John and Mary die. John and Mary die." It is trying to symbolize a message that no matter what ending there is you die.

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